stem cells and their uses

What are stem cells, and what do they do?

     Cells in the body have specific purposes, but stem cells are cells that do not yet have a specific role and can become almost any cell that is required. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can turn into specific cells, as the body needs them. Scientists and doctors are interested in stem cells as they help to explain how some functions of the body work, and how they sometimes go wrong. Stem cells also show promise for treating some diseases that currently have no cure.

Stem cell pic by bpscxpress.in

Sources of stem cells

     Stem cells originate from two main sources: adult body tissues and embryos. Scientists are also working on ways to develop stem cells from other cells, using genetic "reprogramming" techniques.

Adult stem cells

     A person's body contains stem cells throughout their life. The body can use these stem cells whenever it needs them. Also called tissue-specific or somatic stem cells, adult stem cells exist throughout the body from the time an embryo develops. The cells are in a non-specific state, but they are more specialized than embryonic stem cells. They remain in this state until the body needs them for a specific purpose, say, as skin or muscle cells. Day-to-day living means the body is constantly renewing its tissues. In some parts of the body, such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to produce new body tissues for maintenance and repair.

     Stem cells are present inside different types of tissue. Scientists have found stem cells in tissues, including:

Brain
bone marrow
blood and blood vessels
skeletal muscles
skin
liver

     However, stem cells can be difficult to find. They can stay non-dividing and non-specific for years until the body summons them to repair or grow new tissue. Adult stem cells can divide or self-renew indefinitely. This means they can generate various cell types from the originating organ or even regenerate the original organ, entirely. This division and regeneration are how a skin wound heals, or how an organ such as the liver, for example, can repair itself after damage.

     In the past, scientists believed adult stem cells could only differentiate based on their tissue of origin. However, some evidence now suggests that they can differentiate to become other cell types, as well.

Embryonic stem cells

    From the very earliest stage of pregnancy, after the sperm fertilizes the egg, an embryo forms. Around 3–5 days after a sperm fertilizes an egg, the embryo takes the form of a blastocyst or ball of cells. The blastocyst contains stem cells and will later implant in the womb. Embryonic stem cells come from a blastocyst that is 4–5 days old. When scientists take stem cells from embryos, these are usually extra embryos that result from in vitro fertilization (IVF). In IVF clinics, the doctors fertilize several eggs in a test tube, to ensure that at least one survives. They will then implant a limited number of eggs to start a pregnancy. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, these cells combine to form a single cell called a zygote. This single-celled zygote then starts to divide, forming 2, 4, 8, 16 cells, and so on. Now it is an embryo.

     Soon, and before the embryo implants in the uterus, this mass of around 150–200 cells is the blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of two parts:

an outer cell mass that becomes part of the placenta
an inner cell mass that will develop into the human body

    The inner cell mass is where embryonic stem cells are found. Scientists call these totipotent cells. The term totipotent refer to the fact that they have total potential to develop into any cell in the body. With the right stimulation, the cells can become blood cells, skin cells, and all the other cell types that a body needs.

     In early pregnancy, the blastocyst stage continues for about 5 days before the embryo implants in the uterus, or womb. At this stage, stem cells begin to differentiate. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)

     MSCs come from the connective tissue or stroma that surrounds the body's organs and other tissues. Scientists have used MSCs to create new body tissues, such as bone, cartilage, and fat cells. They may one day play a role in solving a wide range of health problems.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)

    Scientists create these in a lab, using skin cells and other tissue-specific cells. These cells behave in a similar way to embryonic stem cells, so they could be useful for developing a range of therapies.

However, more research and development is necessary. To grow stem cells, scientists first extract samples from adult tissue or an embryo. They then place these cells in a controlled culture where they will divide and reproduce but not specialize further.

     Stem cells that are dividing and reproducing in a controlled culture are called a stem-cell line. Researchers manage and share stem-cell lines for different purposes. They can stimulate the stem cells to specialize in a particular way. This process is known as directed differentiation. Until now, it has been easier to grow large numbers of embryonic stem cells than adult stem cells. However, scientists are making progress with both cell types.

Types of stem cells

     Researchers categorize stem cells, according to their potential to differentiate into other types of cells. Embryonic stem cells are the most potent, as their job is to become every type of cell in the body.

The full classification includes:

Totipotent: These stem cells can differentiate into all possible cell types. The first few cells that appear as the zygote starts to divide are totipotent.

Pluripotent: These cells can turn into almost any cell. Cells from the early embryo are pluripotent.

Multipotent: These cells can differentiate into a closely related family of cells. Adult hematopoietic stem cells, for example, can become red and white blood cells or platelets.

Oligopotent: These can differentiate into a few different cell types. Adult lymphoid or myeloid stem cells can do this.

Unipotent: These can only produce cells of one kind, which is their own type. However, they are still stem cells because they can renew themselves. Examples include adult muscle stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are considered pluripotent instead of totipotent because they cannot become part of the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta.

Uses

     Stem cells themselves do not serve any single purpose but are important for several reasons. First, with the right stimulation, many stem cells can take on the role of any type of cell, and they can regenerate damaged tissue, under the right conditions. This potential could save lives or repair wounds and tissue damage in people after an illness or injury. Scientists see many possible uses for stem cells.

Tissue regeneration

    Tissue regeneration is probably the most important use of stem cells. Until now, a person who needed a new kidney, for example, had to wait for a donor and then undergo a transplant. There is a shortage of donor organs but, by instructing stem cells to differentiate in a certain way, scientists could use them to grow a specific tissue type or organ.

     As an example, doctors have already used stem cells from just beneath the skin's surface to make new skin tissue. They can then repair a severe burn or another injury by grafting this tissue onto the damaged skin, and new skin will grow back.

Cardiovascular disease treatment

     In 2013, a team of researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital reported in PNAS Early Edition that they had created blood vessels in laboratory mice, using human stem cells. Within 2 weeks of implanting the stem cells, networks of blood-perfused vessels had formed. The quality of these new blood vessels was as good as the nearby natural ones.

Brain disease treatment: Doctors may one day be able to use replacement cells and tissues to treat brain diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. In Parkinson's, for example, damage to brain cells leads to uncontrolled muscle movements. Scientists could use stem cells to replenish the damaged brain tissue. This could bring back the specialized brain cells that stop the uncontrolled muscle movements. Researchers have already tried differentiating embryonic stem cells into these types of cells, so treatments are promising.

Cell deficiency therapy

    Scientists hope one day to be able to develop healthy heart cells in a laboratory that they can transplant into people with heart disease. These new cells could repair heart damage by repopulating the heart with healthy tissue. Similarly, people with type I diabetes could receive pancreatic cells to replace the insulin-producing cells that their own immune systems have lost or destroyed. The only current therapy is a pancreatic transplant, and very few pancreases are available for transplant.

Blood disease treatments

    Doctors now routinely use adult hematopoietic stem cells to treat diseases, such as leukemia, sickle cell anemia, and other immunodeficiency problems. Hematopoietic stem cells occur in blood and bone marrow and can produce all blood cell types, including red blood cells that carry oxygen and white blood cells that fight disease

Donating or harvesting stem cells

People can donate stem cells to help a loved one, or possibly for their own use in the future.

Donations can come from  following:

Bone marrow: These cells are taken under a general anesthetic, usually from the hip or pelvic bone. Technicians then isolate the stem cells from the bone marrow for storage or donation.

Peripheral stem cells: A person receives several injections that cause their bone marrow to release stem cells into the blood. Next, blood is removed from the body, a machine separates out the stem cells, and doctors return the blood to the body.

Umbilical cord blood: Stem cells can be harvested from the umbilical cord after delivery, with no harm to the baby. Some people donate the cord blood, and others store it.

     This harvesting of stem cells can be expensive, but the advantages for future needs include: the stem cells are easily accessible less chance of transplanted tissue being rejected if it comes from the recipient's own body.

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TB - disease, symptoms, drugs, treatments and prevention

TB - illness, side effects, treatment, drugs, steady check 

     TB is a condensed kind of the word Tuberculosis and is the path by which individuals routinely infer the infirmity. 

     Dairy creatures like TB is a pollution accomplished by for all intents and purposes indistinguishable microorganisms called Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). Ox like TB basically impacts dairy creatures yet can comparably affect people. In every way that really matters the majority of the data on this site infers the tainting in people.

Medicine

What is TB? In what manner may you get TB? What is the clarification behind TB? Would tb have the ability to be restored? 

Answers to the FAQs of What is TB? In what capacity may you get TB? What is the clarification behind TB? Would tb have the ability to be lessened?

1. Dormant TB

     The microorganisms that generally cause the defilement in people, consistently affect the lungs, yet can affect unmistakable parts of the body. On the off chance that you are defiled with the microorganisms you won't commonly wound up being gotten out, in light of the fact that you can have either torpid TB or TB disease. People with dormant TB don't learn about cleared and don't have any indications. 

Undernutrition improves the probability of idle TB spoiling advancing to dynamic TB disease.

2.TB disease 

     TB burden is the thing that happens when an individual has inert TB and after that breezes up got out. Now and then this is known as having dynamic TB. At the point when all is said in done around 5 to 10% of individuals with inert TB, who don't get treatment for it, will wrap up debilitated sooner or later in their lives.

     Several people end up got out not long after they have wound up being contaminated, before their protected framework (the bit of the body that battles maladies) can battle the minute living things. Distinctive individuals don't end up being debilitated at first at any rate they end up being wiped out an exceptionally prolonged stretch of time subsequently when their invulnerable structure ends up slight for another reason. This can be in light of the way that they have a contamination, for example, HIV, or some other remedial issue. 

What are the indications of TB? 

     The responses depend whereupon zone of the body has been debased. In the event that somebody has aspiratory affliction, which is TB in the lungs, they may have a horrendous hack that drives forward through longer than around fourteen days. They may correspondingly have torment in their chest and they may hack up blood or organic liquid from some place inside their lungs. Unmistakable indications of TB meld deficiency or weakness, weight decline, nonappearance of longing, chills, fever and night sweats. 

Diagnosing TB

     It is hard to separate TB by an individual's signs in isolation. This is in light of the way that some special torments have practically identical responses. An end is usually essentially certain when there is unequivocal affirmation of TB small living creatures. A piece of the TB tests utilized for end filter coordinate for the minute animals. Others, for example, the chest X-bar search for the impact of the microorganisms on the individual related with having TB. Tests for end meld the TB skin test, sputum microscopy, the way of life test comparatively as the new Genexpert test. Serious issues with the more settled tests are the nonappearance of exactness likewise as the time they take. With extra remarkable tests a huge issue is the expense.

Treatment

     TB can control speaking be restored and in excess of twenty medications have been conveyed for treating TB. In any case, a tremendous piece of the prescriptions were made different years sooner. The treatment conventionally includes a mix of TB quiets that must be taken for no not actually a half year. Regardless, the treatment may be beneficial if the medicines are taken unquestionably as required for the whole timeframe.

     The medications are utilized in various blends in various conditions. For instance, the five "first line" drugs are given to individuals who have never had treatment. In the event that individuals have had treatment before they may need to take second line drugs. 

     A piece of the medications have unprecedented reactions and are unfathomably hard to take for such a basic package of time. This is the reason there is an earnest essential for new TB solutions to be made. What's logically different individuals are before long invulnerable to something like one of the solutions.

   

     There is a two course interface among TB and sustenance. TB energizes under sustenance, and under sustenance angers TB.

Drug safe TB 

     In the event that somebody has fix safe TB it induces that the moment living creatures in their body won't be affected by express medications that they are invulnerable to. The medicines just won't work. There are two fundamental reasons why individuals make it. It may be on the grounds that the individual doesn't take their prescriptions truly. It can in like way be that the minute life shapes that they are sullied with, have started from somebody who has as of late got medication safe TB. Being drug insecure is the switch of being drug safe.

     In the event that somebody has quiet safe TB, they should change drugs. Regardless, all things considered they mustn't have only a solitary new medication. They require two or three new prescriptions and for it to be trusted that they will all be reasonable. Medication shortcoming testing which is open in different nations, and is essential, gives data about which steadies an individual is impervious to.

Prevention from TB

     A basic piece of the desire for TB is to keep the spread of microorganisms starting with one grown-up then onto the accompanying. This is finished by specifically off the bat finding the grown-ups who have TB. By then furnishing them with mind boggling treatment which proposes that they are never again overwhelming, and they will in like way usually then recuperate from being crippled. There is an immunization, the BCG immunizer, in any case it is utilized for young people as it doesn't appear to keep the malady in grown-ups. 

     TB contamination control is likewise essential to shield individuals from getting sullied in remedial organizations working environments. 

     Now and again it is trusted that direction basically needs to fuse individuals who beginning at now have the affliction. Regardless, there is correspondingly a need to prepare the general people. This is to guarantee that individuals know how the sickness is spread, what's more to decrease the lack of regard wrapping the disease. It can in like way guarantee that individuals approach for testing and treatment at the most timely possibility.

Estimations 

     The estimations for TB show how there are all around different components of TB in various parts of the world. National governments, similarly as relationship, for example, the World Health Organization (WHO) are endeavoring fundamental endeavors to End TB.

     The nations known as the high weight nations are those with the most raised proportion of infection. They join India, Indonesia, China and Nigeria. Different nations are correct currently attempting progressively perceptible endeavors to battle TB. In India the lawmaking body beginning late broadcasted that its point is to execute the sickness by 2025.

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A to Z cancer Drugs

Tablets & Medicine

Start to finish List of Cancer Drugs 

     Utilize the start to finish list underneath to discover customer especially orchestrated data about remedies for mischief and conditions identified with disease. The synopsis is in progressive demand arrange by standard name and brand name.

   

     You can correspondingly discover this data on our pages managed by threat type and infirmity related condition. Medications Approved for Different Types of Cancer. This page records and relationship with NCI's pages of medications admitted for unequivocal sorts of disorder. Medications Approved for Conditions Related to Cancer. Individuals with mischief may have conditions accomplished by the infirmity or its treatment. Discover drugs bolstered for a touch of these mischief related conditions. 

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

A 

Abemaciclib
Abiraterone Acetate
Abraxane (Paclitaxel Albumin-balance Nanoparticle Formulation)
ABVD
ABVE
ABVE-PC
Cooling
Acalabrutinib
Cooling T
Actemra (Tocilizumab)
Adcetris (Brentuximab Vedotin)
ADE
Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine
Adriamycin (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Afatinib Dimaleate
Afinitor (Everolimus)
Akynzeo (Netupitant and Palonosetron Hydrochloride)
Aldara (Imiquimod)
Aldesleukin
Alecensa (Alectinib)
Alectinib
Alemtuzumab
Alimta (Pemetrexed Disodium)
Aliqopa (Copanlisib Hydrochloride)
Alkeran for Injection (Melphalan Hydrochloride)
Alkeran Tablets (Melphalan)
Aloxi (Palonosetron Hydrochloride)
Alunbrig (Brigatinib)
Ameluz (Aminolevulinic Acid)
Amifostine
Aminolevulinic Acid
Anastrozole
Apalutamide
Aprepitant
Aranesp (Darbepoetin Alfa)
Aredia (Pamidronate Disodium)
Arimidex (Anastrozole)
Aromasin (Exemestane)
Arranon (Nelarabine)
Arsenic Trioxide
Arzerra (Ofatumumab)
Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi
Asparlas (Calaspargase Pegol-mknl)
Atezolizumab
Avastin (Bevacizumab)
Avelumab
Axicabtagene Ciloleucel
Axitinib
Azacitidine
Azedra (Iobenguane I 131)

B

Bavencio (Avelumab)
BEACOPP
Beleodaq (Belinostat)
Belinostat
Bendamustine Hydrochloride
Bendeka (Bendamustine Hydrochloride)
BEP
Besponsa (Inotuzumab Ozogamicin)
Bevacizumab
Bexarotene
Bicalutamide
BiCNU (Carmustine)
Binimetinib
Bleomycin
Blinatumomab
Blincyto (Blinatumomab)
Bortezomib
Bosulif (Bosutinib)
Bosutinib
Braftovi (Encorafenib)
Brentuximab Vedotin
Brigatinib
BuMel
Busulfan
Busulfex (Busulfan)

C 

Cabazitaxel
Cabometyx (Cabozantinib-S-Malate)
Cabozantinib-S-Malate
CAF
Calaspargase Pegol-mknl
Calquence (Acalabrutinib)
Campath (Alemtuzumab)
Camptosar (Irinotecan Hydrochloride)
Capecitabine
CAPOX
Carac (Fluorouracil- - Topical)
Carboplatin
CARBOPLATIN-TAXOL
Carfilzomib
Carmustine
Carmustine Implant
Casodex (Bicalutamide)
CEM
Cemiplimab-rwlc
Ceritinib
Cerubidine (Daunorubicin Hydrochloride)
Cervarix (Recombinant HPV Bivalent Vaccine)
Cetuximab
CEV
Chlorambucil
CHLORAMBUCIL-PREDNISONE
Cut
Cisplatin
Cladribine
Clofarabine
Clolar (Clofarabine)
CMF
Cobimetinib
Cometriq (Cabozantinib-S-Malate)
Copanlisib Hydrochloride
COPDAC
Copiktra (Duvelisib)
COPP
COPP-ABV
Cosmegen (Dactinomycin)
Cotellic (Cobimetinib)
Crizotinib
CVP
Cyclophosphamide
Cyramza (Ramucirumab)
Cytarabine
Cytarabine Liposome
Cytosar-U (Cytarabine)

D

Dabrafenib
Dacarbazine
Dacogen (Decitabine)
Dacomitinib
Dactinomycin
Daratumumab
Darbepoetin Alfa
Darzalex (Daratumumab)
Dasatinib
Daunorubicin Hydrochloride
Daunorubicin Hydrochloride and Cytarabine Liposome
Decitabine
Defibrotide Sodium
Defitelio (Defibrotide Sodium)
Degarelix
Denileukin Diftitox
Denosumab
DepoCyt (Cytarabine Liposome)
Dexamethasone
Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride
Dinutuximab
Docetaxel
Doxil (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome)
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome
Dox-SL (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome)
Durvalumab
Duvelisib

E 

Efudex (Fluorouracil- - Topical)
Eligard (Leuprolide Acetate)
Elitek (Rasburicase)
Ellence (Epirubicin Hydrochloride)
Elotuzumab
Eloxatin (Oxaliplatin)
Eltrombopag Olamine
Elzonris (Tagraxofusp-erzs)
Emapalumab-lzsg
Upgrade (Aprepitant)
Empliciti (Elotuzumab)
Enasidenib Mesylate
Encorafenib
Enzalutamide
Epirubicin Hydrochloride
Age
Epoetin Alfa
Epogen (Epoetin Alfa)
Erbitux (Cetuximab)
Eribulin Mesylate
Erivedge (Vismodegib)
Erleada (Apalutamide)
Erlotinib Hydrochloride
Erwinaze (Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi)
Ethyol (Amifostine)
Etopophos (Etoposide Phosphate)
Etoposide
Etoposide Phosphate
Evacet (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome)
Everolimus
Evista (Raloxifene Hydrochloride)
Evomela (Melphalan Hydrochloride)
Exemestane

F 

5-FU (Fluorouracil Injection)
5-FU (Fluorouracil- - Topical)
Fareston (Toremifene)
Farydak (Panobinostat)
Faslodex (Fulvestrant)
FEC
Femara (Letrozole)
Filgrastim
Firmagon (Degarelix)
Fludarabine Phosphate
Fluoroplex (Fluorouracil- - Topical)
Fluorouracil Injection
Fluorouracil- - Topical
Flutamide
FOLFIRI
FOLFIRI-BEVACIZUMAB
FOLFIRI-CETUXIMAB
FOLFIRINOX
FOLFOX
Folotyn (Pralatrexate)
Fostamatinib Disodium
FU-LV
Fulvestrant
Fusilev (Leucovorin Calcium)

G

Gamifant (Emapalumab-lzsg)
Gardasil (Recombinant HPV Quadrivalent Vaccine)
Gardasil 9 (Recombinant HPV Nonavalent Vaccine)
Gazyva (Obinutuzumab)
Gefitinib
Gemcitabine Hydrochloride
GEMCITABINE-CISPLATIN
GEMCITABINE-OXALIPLATIN
Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
Gemzar (Gemcitabine Hydrochloride)
Gilotrif (Afatinib Dimaleate)
Gilteritinib Fumarate
Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate)
Gliadel Wafer (Carmustine Implant)
Glucarpidase
Goserelin Acetate
Granisetron
Granisetron Hydrochloride
Granix (Filgrastim)

H

Halaven (Eribulin Mesylate)
Hemangeol (Propranolol Hydrochloride)
Herceptin (Trastuzumab)
HPV Bivalent Vaccine, Recombinant
HPV Nonavalent Vaccine, Recombinant
HPV Quadrivalent Vaccine, Recombinant
Hycamtin (Topotecan Hydrochloride)
Hydrea (Hydroxyurea)
Hydroxyurea
Hyper-CVAD

I

Ibrance (Palbociclib)
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan
Ibrutinib
ICE
Iclusig (Ponatinib Hydrochloride)
Idarubicin Hydrochloride
Idelalisib
Idhifa (Enasidenib Mesylate)
Ifex (Ifosfamide)
Ifosfamide
IL-2 (Aldesleukin)
Imatinib Mesylate
Imbruvica (Ibrutinib)
Imfinzi (Durvalumab)
Imiquimod
Imlygic (Talimogene Laherparepvec)
Inlyta (Axitinib)
Inotuzumab Ozogamicin
Interferon Alfa-2b, Recombinant
Interleukin-2 (Aldesleukin)
Intron A (Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b)
Iobenguane I 131
Ipilimumab
Iressa (Gefitinib)
Irinotecan Hydrochloride
Irinotecan Hydrochloride Liposome
Istodax (Romidepsin)
Ivosidenib
Ixabepilone
Ixazomib Citrate
Ixempra (Ixabepilone)

J

Jakafi (Ruxolitinib Phosphate)
JEB
Jevtana (Cabazitaxel)

K 

Kadcyla (Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine)
Kepivance (Palifermin)
Keytruda (Pembrolizumab)
Kisqali (Ribociclib)
Kymriah (Tisagenlecleucel)
Kyprolis (Carfilzomib)

L 

Lanreotide Acetate
Lapatinib Ditosylate
Larotrectinib Sulfate
Lartruvo (Olaratumab)
Lenalidomide
Lenvatinib Mesylate
Lenvima (Lenvatinib Mesylate)
Letrozole
Leucovorin Calcium
Leukeran (Chlorambucil)
Leuprolide Acetate
Levulan Kerastik (Aminolevulinic Acid)
Libtayo (Cemiplimab-rwlc)
LipoDox (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Liposome)
Lomustine
Lonsurf (Trifluridine and Tipiracil Hydrochloride)
Lorbrena (Lorlatinib)
Lorlatinib
Lumoxiti (Moxetumomab Pasudotox-tdfk)
Lupron (Leuprolide Acetate)
Lupron Depot (Leuprolide Acetate)
Lutathera (Lutetium Lu 177-Dotatate)
Lutetium (Lu 177-Dotatate)
Lynparza (Olaparib)

M

Marqibo (Vincristine Sulfate Liposome)
Matulane (Procarbazine Hydrochloride)
Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride
Megestrol Acetate
Mekinist (Trametinib)
Mektovi (Binimetinib)
Melphalan
Melphalan Hydrochloride
Mercaptopurine
Mesna
Mesnex (Mesna)
Methotrexate
Methylnaltrexone Bromide
Midostaurin
Mitomycin C
Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride
Mogamulizumab-kpkc
Moxetumomab Pasudotox-tdfk
Mozobil (Plerixafor)
Mustargen (Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride)
MVAC
Myleran (Busulfan)
Mylotarg (Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin)

N

Nanoparticle (Paclitaxel Albumin-settled Nanoparticle Formulation)
Navelbine (Vinorelbine Tartrate)
Necitumumab
Nelarabine
Neratinib Maleate
Nerlynx (Neratinib Maleate)
Netupitant and Palonosetron Hydrochloride
Neulasta (Pegfilgrastim)
Neupogen (Filgrastim)
Nexavar (Sorafenib Tosylate)
Nilandron (Nilutamide)
Nilotinib
Nilutamide
Ninlaro (Ixazomib Citrate)
Niraparib Tosylate Monohydrate
Nivolumab
Nplate (Romiplostim)

O 

Obinutuzumab
Odomzo (Sonidegib)
OEPA
Ofatumumab
OFF
Olaparib
Olaratumab
Omacetaxine Mepesuccinate
Oncaspar (Pegaspargase)
Ondansetron Hydrochloride
Onivyde (Irinotecan Hydrochloride Liposome)
Ontak (Denileukin Diftitox)
Opdivo (Nivolumab)
OPPA
Osimertinib
Oxaliplatin

P

Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel Albumin-settled Nanoparticle Formulation
Cushion
Palbociclib
Palifermin
Palonosetron Hydrochloride
Palonoset
Paclitaxel
Paclitaxel Albumin-settled Nanoparticle Formulation
Cushion
Palbociclib
Palifermin
Palonosetron Hydrochloride
Palonosetron Hydrochloride and Netupitant
Pamidronate Disodium
Panitumumab
Panobinostat
Pazopanib Hydrochloride
PCV
PEB
Pegaspargase
Pegfilgrastim
Peginterferon Alfa-2b
PEG-Intron (Peginterferon Alfa-2b)
Pembrolizumab
Pemetrexed Disodium
Perjeta (Pertuzumab)
Pertuzumab
Plerixafor
Pomalidomide
Pomalyst (Pomalidomide)
Ponatinib Hydrochloride
Portrazza (Necitumumab)
Poteligeo (Mogamulizumab-kpkc)
Pralatrexate
Prednisone
Procarbazine Hydrochloride
Procrit (Epoetin Alfa)
Proleukin (Aldesleukin)
Prolia (Denosumab)
Promacta (Eltrombopag Olamine)
Propranolol Hydrochloride
Provenge (Sipuleucel-T)
Purinethol (Mercaptopurine)
Purixan (Mercaptopurine)

R 

Radium 223 Dichloride
Raloxifene Hydrochloride
Ramucirumab
Rasburicase
Ravulizumab-cwvz
R-CHOP
R-CVP
Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Bivalent Vaccine
Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Nonavalent Vaccine
Recombinant Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Quadrivalent Vaccine
Recombinant Interferon Alfa-2b
Regorafenib
Relistor (Methylnaltrexone Bromide)
R-EPOCH
Retacrit (Epoetin Alfa)
Revlimid (Lenalidomide)
Rheumatrex (Methotrexate)
Ribociclib
R-ICE
Rituxan (Rituximab)
Rituxan Hycela (Rituximab and Hyaluronidase Human)
Rituximab
Rituximab and Hyaluronidase Human
Rolapitant Hydrochloride
Romidepsin
Romiplostim
Rubidomycin (Daunorubicin Hydrochloride)
Rubraca (Rucaparib Camsylate)
Rucaparib Camsylate
Ruxolitinib Phosphate
Rydapt (Midostaurin)

S

Sancuso (Granisetron)
Sclerosol Intrapleural Aerosol (Talc)
Siltuximab
Sipuleucel-T
Somatuline Depot (Lanreotide Acetate)
Sonidegib
Sorafenib Tosylate
Sprycel (Dasatinib)
STANFORD V
Sterile Talc Powder (Talc)
Steritalc (Talc)
Stivarga (Regorafenib)
Sunitinib Malate
Sustol (Granisetron)
Sutent (Sunitinib Malate)
Sylatron (Peginterferon Alfa-2b)
Sylvant (Siltuximab)
Synribo (Omacetaxine Mepesuccinate)

T

Newspaper (Thioguanine)
TAC
Tafinlar (Dabrafenib)
Tagraxofusp-erzs
Tagrisso (Osimertinib)
Powder
Talimogene Laherparepvec
Tamoxifen Citrate
Tarabine PFS (Cytarabine)
Tarceva (Erlotinib Hydrochloride)
Targretin (Bexarotene)
Tasigna (Nilotinib)
Tavalisse (Fostamatinib Disodium)
Taxol (Paclitaxel)
Taxotere (Docetaxel)
Tecentriq (Atezolizumab)
Temodar (Temozolomide)
Temozolomide
Temsirolimus
Thalidomide
Thalomid (Thalidomide)
Thioguanine
Thiotepa
Tibsovo (Ivosidenib)
Tisagenlecleucel
Tocilizumab
Tolak (Fluorouracil- - Topical)
Topotecan Hydrochloride
Toremifene
Torisel (Temsirolimus)
Totect (Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride)
TPF
Trabectedin
Trametinib
Trastuzumab
Treanda (Bendamustine Hydrochloride)
Trexall (Methotrexate)
Trifluridine and Tipiracil Hydrochloride
Trisenox (Arsenic Trioxide)
Tykerb (Lapatinib Ditosylate)

U

Ultomiris (Ravulizumab-cwvz)
Unituxin (Dinutuximab)
Uridine Triacetate

V

VAC
Valrubicin
Valstar (Valrubicin)
Vandetanib
VAMP
Varubi (Rolapitant Hydrochloride)
Vectibix (Panitumumab)
VeIP
Velcade (Bortezomib)
Vemurafenib
Venclexta (Venetoclax)
Venetoclax
Verzenio (Abemaciclib)
Vidaza (Azacitidine)
Vinblastine Sulfate
Vincristine Sulfate
Vincristine Sulfate Liposome
Vinorelbine Tartrate
VIP
Vismodegib
Vistogard (Uridine Triacetate)
Vitrakvi (Larotrectinib Sulfate)
Vizimpro (Dacomitinib)
Voraxaze (Glucarpidase)
Vorinostat
Votrient (Pazopanib Hydrochloride)
Vyxeos (Daunorubicin Hydrochloride and Cytarabine Liposome)

X

Xalkori (Crizotinib)
Xeloda (Capecitabine)
XELIRI
XELOX
Xgeva (Denosumab)
Xofigo (Radium 223 Dichloride)
Xospata (Gilteritinib Fumarate)
Xtandi (Enzalutamide)

Y

Yervoy (Ipilimumab)
Yescarta (Axicabtagene Ciloleucel)
Yondelis (Trabectedin)

Z

Zaltrap (Ziv-Aflibercept)
Zarxio (Filgrastim)
Zejula (Niraparib Tosylate Monohydrate)
Zelboraf (Vemurafenib)
Zevalin (Ibritumomab Tiuxetan)
Zinecard (Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride)
Ziv-Aflibercept
Zofran (Ondansetron Hydrochloride)
Zoladex (Goserelin Acetate)
Zoledronic Acid
Zolinza (Vorinostat)
Zometa (Zoledronic Acid)
Zydelig (Idelalisib)
Zykadia (Ceritinib)
Zytiga (Abiraterone Acetate)

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